Heterogeneous fleet sizing for on-demand transport in mixed automated and non-automated urban areas

The era of intelligent transportation with automated vehicles (AVs) is coming. Nonetheless, the transition to this system will be a gradual process. On one hand, some zones in city may dedicated AVs fully traffic management geared toward high performance. other and conventional have allowed drive remaining urban network stage. In paper, we consider situation where are deployed by taxi operating company serve door-to-door travel requests. Facing period, strategic flow-based vehicle routing model developed determine optimal fleet size taxis as function gradually increasing coverage AVs-only area. Traffic congestion considered through flow-dependent times. Two service regimes tested: User Preference Mode (UPM) System Profit (SPM). UPM, passengers can choose their preferred type according preference. SPM, take charge assignment maximize profit. formulations applied case study large toy network. results give insight into performance heterogeneous on hybrid Strategies presented how adjust get best profit while satisfying mobility demand. SPM bring more reducing detour relocation cost taxis, salaries for drivers bigger AVs, delay penalty, compared UPM.